Bone mineral density
Concentrates the calcium, phosphorus and protein of milk, and most products are fortified with vitamin D. The dairy-and-bone evidence is observational, is about dairy intake as a whole, and is strongest during skeletal growth.
Limited evidence. Early human work, or mostly lab and animal research.
3 sources
- Impact of dairy supplementation on bone acquisition in children's limbs: a 12-month cluster-randomized controlled trial and meta-analysis.(opens in a new tab)
Meta-analysis · Archives of osteoporosis · 2024 · PMID 39043915
- Effects of dairy products on bone mineral density in healthy postmenopausal women: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.(opens in a new tab)
Meta-analysis · Archives of osteoporosis · 2020 · PMID 32185512
- The skeletal safety of milk-derived proteins: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.(opens in a new tab)
Meta-analysis · Osteoporosis international : a journal established as result of cooperation between the European Foundation for Osteoporosis and the National Osteoporosis Foundation of the USA · 2023 · PMID 37526672
Deep research mode adds each paper’s own conclusion and stated limitations.